This paper is an overview of how the pandemic affected society during the Spanish flu period and its impact on the psychiatric hospitals and asylums of that period.

The continuous changes of situations in the context of the current pandemic and the attempt of individuals to adapt led to comparisons between COVID-19 and the Spanish flu of 1918-1919.

The progress of medicine and intervention measures are still struggling with the strength of influenza viruses and their ability to spread around the world has grown exponentially.

Sexual dysfunctions (SDs) are highly prevalent with aging. Studies reported an interactive correlation between psychiatric morbidity and SD. Also, SDs have significant influence on patients` self-esteem, body image, interpersonal relationships, and physical health in general.

The aim of the present research is to present an intimate partner homicide case and to discuss a possible correlation between SDs of elderly patients and their inclination towards aggressive behavior from intimate partner violence (IPV).

A forensic psychiatric assessment was performed on a married male patient, aged 61. He was diagnosed and treated for BPH and he could no longer have sexual intercourse. Using a knife, he provoked over 20 stab wounds to his wife, who died following the attack. He admitted that he was jealous, due to his wife having an affair. The psychiatric forensic expertise found that the killing was committed with discernment.

Objective: The aim of our observational study was to evaluate depressive symptoms in adolescent population, focusing on suicidal ideation and intentionality, and to establish the relationship between depressive symptoms/self-harm and the average time spent in social media.

Methods: Our study was an observational cross-sectional study that involved three Middle Schools and three High Schools in the Campania region of Italy. One thousand three hundred sixty-five students 11-19 years of age were recruited (mean age=15 years; female=51%, male=49%). Percentage of adhesion was 95%. All the subjects were administered three self-report questionnaires, filled out anonymously and in the presence of the teachers after illustrating their validity and purpose.

Results: In 23% females and 18% males, depressive symptoms were above the norm, with a slight increase in the prevalence of depressive symptoms in high school students compared to middle school ones. Suicidal intentionality was expressed in 4% of the total sample, with no differences between males and females. Suicidal ideation was present in 14% of the total sample, with a higher prevalence in females than in males (17% vs 10%). We found a significant positive relationship between the depressive symptoms and the hours spent on Social Media, in both males and females. A significant relationship was also found between hours on Social Media and suicidal ideation/intentionality.

Conclusions: Our study showed a high prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescents, in keeping with previous studies. Our study also showed a significant association between the use of social networks and the development of depressive symptoms, as well as suicidal ideation and intentionality. Further studies are needed to investigate the nature of this relationship.

The new pandemic times reveal, besides the dysfunctions of the health system, a profound and prolonged shortage of material and human resources, as well as psychical blockages, fears and all kinds of weaknesses that we are now forced to confront, being alone with ourselves and inside ourselves. And what is it that causes these meetings, these long adjourned encounters?

If it is true that being political means integrating into the superstructure of political consciousness of a state, then solidarity can be considered the first political gesture of the Academic Artistic Community in Iasi. At the end of the pandemic, the main function of this facility will be to recover the memory of an event that took place on a global scale.

Equally, it could be the beginning of the study in a new type of theatrical performance, addressing post-pandemically people massively affected mentally, emotionally, physically, and cognitively.

Many people suffer from anxiety and panic attacks, statistics showing that 1 in 3 people have their lives affected because of these worrying and annoying symptoms. One of the most common anxiety disorders observed in general medical practice and in the general population is the generalized anxiety disorder. In about 85% of cases, generalized anxiety does not appear alone, but is accompanied by other psychological problems, of which the most common are: depression, other anxiety disorders, substance abuse, digestive problems, etc.

The patient diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) usually has suffered from severe anxiety and worries about several different areas of their life for at least six months. It occurs in 5-9% of the population, and the incidence is twice as high in women as in men. Generalized anxiety usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood.

GAG is caused by several factors: 30%-50% of it can be genetic in nature, but it also can be caused by experiences during childhood, recent stressful life events, unrealistic expectations about others and oneself, conflicts in relationships, alcohol consumption, coping skills and other factors (Ciubara et al., 2018).

Patterns of a phenomenon define the entity. If one understands the patterns of the maze, he can find his way there. Patterns of colors on a dress will hold its characters and soul. Understanding the expressive patterns of a developmental syndrome enables treating it with success. It is true for treating Childhood Apraxia of speech (CAS) as well. CAS as motor-speech disorder involves difficulties in sounds production for speech purposes. The difficulties can be demonstrated in patterns that would be specific to CAS. These patterns can distinguish one phenomenon from another.

A retrospective research was conducted based on 277 entry level evaluations of children diagnosed with CAS or suspected of CAS who visited a private clinic between 2006 and 2013. The analysis included speech variables alongside background and environmental variables. This article is dealing with speech patterns of children with motor speech disorder. Among the patterns examined are vowels ladder, single syllable ladder, Blowing and SSP (single sound production), Oral motor and SSP, Consonant group ladder and Consonants Exploratory factor analysis.

The findings demonstrated the relationship and order of vowels, consonants and single syllables among Hebrew speaking children diagnosed with motor speech disorder. The Consonants Exploratory factor analysis gave validity to the existence of unique consonant groups.

A vowel is a speech sound in which the airflow moves freely with minimal obstructions through the vocal tract and can appear in different places in the words structure. Word initial vowel glottalization is a phenomenon described in the literature while clinical implications were observed among children diagnosed with Apraxia of speech (CAS). This research examined the clinical consequences of the phenomenon on the analysis and treatment of CAS.

256 CAS cases were examined using the VML (Verbal Motor Learning) method evaluation. Analysis of the consonant groups shows that 11% of the children had difficulty with producing the glottal consonant, in comparison to other consonants.

Objective: The purpose of our study was to assess social cognition in ad-olescents and children with epilepsy or Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) compared to typical individuals. It was verified whether the age of onset, duration and drug therapy of epileptics can influence this ability and if there is a correlation between Social Cognition, intelligence and executive functions.

Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study that included a total of 125 subjects between 7 and 16 years (62 with focal epilepsy and 63 with SLD). The control group included 32 healthy subjects. Study sub-jects were evaluated with neuropsychological tools to evaluate executive functions (EpiTrack Junior), Social Cognition (NEPSY-II), and intelli-gence; a nonverbal cognitive test (Raven's Matrices) was used in subjects with Epilepsy, while WISC-IV was administered to SLDs.

Results: the groups of subjects scored significantly lower than the con-trols in Social Cognition. The results showed a positive correlation be-tween affect recognition scores and executive function in both groups. In patients with epilepsy the deficit in Affect Recognition appeared to be linked with early age of onset of epilepsy, long term of disease and lack of non-verbal intelligence; a high frequency of seizures, on the other hand, was related to poor performance in the Theory of Mind (ToM). In the SLD group there was no correlation between social cognition and in-tellectual level.

Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that individuals with focal epilepsy or SLD have deficits in the recognition of facial emotions and ToM compared to their peers.

In epilepsy group, the Social Cognition deficit seems to be linked to char-acteristics of epilepsy, particularly the deficits in the recognition of facial emotions seems linked to problems in nonverbal intelligence and in exec-utive function.

In the SLD group, however, the ability to recognize emotions was corre-lated only with executive functions.

This article focuses on the issue of the burden that families with people with schizophre-nia in care are confronted with.

The pandemic caused significant disruption to the family dynamics of people caring for individuals with schizophrenia due to their higher risk of infection and worse outcomes.

The children with diabetes mellitus have often difficulties regarding school adaptation and integration, generated largely by the special conditions of the disease. On the other hand, how the child succeds in this adaptation, interferes with the management of chronic disease and the quality of his life.

An important role for the child with diabetes in school is played by the head teachers.The informations about this disease and the attitude towards the children affected by this disease are important variables in this direction.

The objective of our study is improving the teachers knowledge and attitude toward diabetes in children by providing quality information and practical intervention techniques. 86 head teachers from elementary and secondary schools were interviewed regarding their knowledge about diabetes in children, and participated to a formative course about this disease. After their participation in a theoretical and practical training course, their knowledge and their attitude have been improved considerably and the follow-up evaluation (after 3 months) indicated a stability of informations and practical techniques for granting first aid, over time.  

Even through centuries passed, while neurosciences were mistaken only for phrenology, and neuronal mapping did not exist as a self-sustained science, structural changes of the brain were associated, at various degrees, with reoccurring activities or behavioural patterns of the patient. An extraordinary neuroplasticity was therefore described, meant to complete the cerebral network, which sustained superior cognitive functioning and played an essential role in adapting to the environment. Most of this web of electrical impulses has its nodes inside the frontal system, in such a way that no one lobe can be identical to another, structurally or when considering informational content. Cortical interconnectivity observed in frontal lobes may be a measure of physiological variety, but also an aid in understanding linked psychopathology.

The first case we will focus our attention on is Phineas Gage, the railway worker who marked the history of neuroscience through his bizarre accident and unexpected outcome. Beyond the myth, this famous patient amended the understanding of the brain's organization and revolutionized functional cerebral mapping. From here on, we will follow the evolution of neuronal connectivity studies and their implications in psychiatric pathology, as they are known today. Neuroimaging studies on obsessive compulsive disorders, cerebral lesions masked by different psychiatric phenomena, as well as correlations between certain affected tracts and symptoms of psychotic disturbances, are all scientific events which may offer new directions in clinical psychopathology and can invoke different therapeutic resources.

In conclusion, to follow studies of neuronal mapping and use the understanding we already have, might be the answer to more complex case management, improving a patient's outcome and helping us choose treatment plans more effectively. As a story unfolding from two opposing perspectives, the science behind cortical interconnectivity stands witness to different principles acting in conjunction for better results, should one only use it.

The involuntary commitment of psychiatric patients has been done for almost a decade under the Law 487/2002, the law of mental health and protection for people with psychiatric disorders. Frequent involuntary psychiatric hospitalizations have led to stigma attitudes and discriminatory acts towards patients with mental disorders. The coercive medical measures are applied in the psychiatric institutions of the mental health protection agencies. Coercion gives rise to serious ethical debates in the psychiatric assistance. The individual who was hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital anticipates social rejection becoming defensive, withdraws socially, experiences a complex internal conflict.

The goal for this study is to illustrate aspects linked to coercive measures, mechanical restraint at involuntary admission of patients with mental illnesses in the psychiatric medical assistance.

Material and method: This study is a retrospective one, and the data was taken from the charts with involuntary admissions during the period of October 2002 to July 2012. The studied lot was comprised of 202 patients admitted involuntarily in a psychiatric hospital according to the Law 487/2002, the law of mental health and protection for people with psychiatric disorders.

Results: Of the 25.7% patients admitted involuntarily, that required coercive measures during admission, 58% were contained for symptoms like self-harm. The mechanical contention measures were especially necessary in the acute cases with symptoms as self-harm and/or harm of others, but also in situations with hallucinatory-delirium symptoms. The ratio of male sex subjects was significantly higher in the subject lot that needed coercive measures during hospitalization, of those admitted involuntarily (86.5% vs. 72%) (p = 0.036).

Psychiatry represents the medical branch that focuses not only on the patient's mental state but also on general health issues and wellbeing. With the continuous development of human civilization, the individual no longer uses aggression, a counterproductive method for day to day living in the community, to meet its basic needs. Neurobiological changes that lead to aggressive manifestations are a medical problem only if the aggressive impulses occur in a person with a psychiatric diagnosis already established and poses a danger to himself and others. Aggressive behaviour due to a medical condition or biological factors is an old problem that has great forensic implications both for the patient and for the medical staff. Decreased quality of life, low emotional support and social marginalization are some of the repercussions that emerge. Understanding the negative effects of aggressive impulses found in multiple psychiatric diagnoses is the key to an optimal doctor-patient relationship. An individualized treatment is necessary, the final goal being social reintegration.

From the beginning of time, the layman always described and understood psychosis as a dream-like state. Researchers have characterized both psy-chosis and dreaming with common denominators, both displaying visuo-motor hallucinations, loose associations, metacognitive deficit, impaired reality discrimination, strong emotional component, resulting in a general lack of insight.

The association of psychosis with dreaming was present in literature cen-turies ago, in the works of great thinkers such as Kant and Schopenhauer, which prompted many modern specialists to delve deeper into studying this connection for a better understanding of psychosis and possible ap-plications in the clinical practice. During REM sleep, which is the most associated with dreaming, visual and motor areas in the brain show in-creased activation, which is congruent with the presence of hallucinations, the hallmark of the dreaming state. Also, the amygdala, involved in emo-tion regulation, has a prominent role in the sleeping brain. The deactiva-tion of parts of the prefrontal cortex translate in altered capacity for mak-ing decisions and critical thinking. Several neuroimaging studies have shown similar neural patterns in the wakeful state of psychotic patients, especially those associated with the presence or absence of insight.

As insight is thought to play a major role in treatment compliance and quality of life in psychotic patients, it is the most studied element linking psychosis and REM sleep. Lucid dreaming is a state of awareness of dreaming, while the individual is still asleep. The dreamer has a degree of control of the narrative and capacity for self-reflection, aspects deemed as insight. Lucid dreaming is a rare occurrence, but has the potential to be trained, concept with great relevance in researching modalities for insight gain in psychotic patients.

Introduction: Dissociative symptoms are present in a various number of psychiatric disorders and are viewed as a major risk factor for suicidal and self-destructive behavior. Dissociation is defined in DSM-5 as a "disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior". Assessing dissociation within different categories of mental disorders can be used to predict symptom severity and nonresponse to psychotherapeutic treatments. The most important tool in this process is the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). The purpose of the current study is to extend the understanding of dissociation in Psychiatric Disorders.

Material and methods: The current study used PubMed and Cochrane databases to identify relevant articles that refer to the subject of dissociation in Psychiatric Disorders.

Results and Discussions: Dissociation and dissociative disorders have been at the root of continuous controversy in psychiatric and psychology communities. The general confusion comes from the reduced conceptual distinction between dissociation as a symptom, process, deficit and psychological defense. At the high end of the DES score we find dissociative disorders, but closely followed by posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder and conversion disorder with eating disorders, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders at midrange and the lowest scoring DES psychiatric disorder is found in bipolar disorders. Early intervention, based on these scores, show major improvement in maladaptive functionality, suicidal and self-destructive behavior, coupled with a reduction in total treatment cost.

Conclusions: There is a significant benefit in careful assessment of dissociative symptoms for the entire spectrum of mental disorders. There is a major need to raise awareness in all mental health facilities, of the value that this has in the current clinical setting.

Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) profile is examined in this article to reveal new insights. These insights might have big influence on the clinical aspect of the phenomenon. One of the interesting insights founded was the close relationship between the CAS population and Autism. Since Autism is such a high incidence phenomenon, it implicates to CAS as well.        

A retrospective research was conducted based on 277 entry level evaluations of children diagnosed with CAS or suspected CAS who visited a private clinic between the years 2006-2013. The analysis included speech variables along background and environmental variables. This article is dealing with the non-speech variables that enable us to observe other parts of this phenomenon.

The main findings are within the areas of diagnosis, age group, educational frames, ear infections, gender, development at first year, babbling and age and speech skill. Some of the results were not as expected.

Anxiety is a highly prevalent disorder in cancer patients, but it is often underdiagnosed in this setting. Receiving diagnosis of cancer leads the establishment of several psychological dynamics: fear of dying, uncertainty, loss of control, change in interpersonal relationships and self-image. Several clinically significant studies have supported the belief that cancer patients are more apt to suffer from anxiety, stress, depression and other emotional challenges. The study focuses on anxiety among cancer patients. It aims at investigating cancer and symptoms the disease has on the anxiety level of patients.

This article describes rehabilitation of one case, complex psychiatric treatment, facial asimetry, with mandibular and maxilla missing teeth and dental disharmony, with a fixed and also removable hybrid prosthesis. Rehabilitation with fixed or removable prosthesis is even more challenging when the edentulous span is long and the ridge is irregular deformities and unfavorable biomechanics encountered at the prosthetic field for complex rehabilitation.